Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . id }, Page last modified: . The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. [CDATA[ At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. [2][3]. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. Updates? "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . It took nine years of warfare and great loss. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. Imperial Mistakes [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. 22 Feb. 2023 . Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. Kublai Khan The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. They are not like some external tribe . After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. ThoughtCo. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. As one Qing official complained:[9]. He simply and quietly disappeared. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions Corrections? It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. (present perfect, tell). Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Chien-lung Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. //]]>. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. [6] One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." Encyclopedia.com. ", Dai, Yingcong. #ga-ad {display: none;} Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. ." The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. Inventions This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. //